Text3 In the past several years,as the nascent medium of virtual reality has come into its own,scientists and creators have begun to explore its potential effects on the human mind.Some are undoubtedly positive-as,for instance,when the technology is used to help war veterans overcome posttraumatic stress disorder,or as a means to expand a person"s capacity for compassion.But the immediacy of virtual reality has a dark side,too.Several months ago,Michael Madary and Thomas K.Metzinger,researchers from the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz,in Germany,published a series of recommendations on the ethical design and implementation of virtual reality.Their appraisal of the medium"s psychological force is both studious and foreboding."The power of virtual reality to induce particular kinds of emotions could be used deliberately to cause suffering,"they write."Conceivably,the suffering could be so extreme as to be considered torture."In filmmaking,the director must perform a kind of seduction of dread,leading viewers through an escalating series of psychological states.In the immersive world of virtual reality,no such dance is required.Part of the power of virtual reality-based horror comes from the fact that the director knows exactly where the viewer is looking."With that knowledge,we can play mind tricks or trigger events based on the gaze,"Jon Hibbins,the director of Psytec Games,a London-based virtual reality studio,said.For instance,he said,in Psytec"s most recent fantasy-horror title,Crystal RiR,"a monster can appear in a vent only when the player looks at the vent."Hibbins claims that,as viewers"brains are tricked into believing that they are physically present in a reality,the memories they form are much stronger than those made when watching so-called flat-screen media.To soften these memories,Hibbins and his team have introduced a slider into their game that allows players to control the intensity of the horror.""Normal"will be an average scare experience,"he said."You"Il hear voices in the distance,ghosts in the corridors,sound from the voids,and snakes in the corridors."Extreme"introduces jump scares,such as ghost figures that run through your body.It really does offer everyone an option."Stephan said,"Long-term,perhaps it"s a case of building literacy in players and viewers so they understand when the scares are coming.For now,I think that means taking it slow."34.What is the author"s attitude toward virtual reality? 贴现是指票据持票人在票据到期后为获得资金融通向银行贴付一定利息而发生的非票据转让行为（） （ ）是期货业的自律性组织，发挥政府与期货业之间的桥梁和纽带作用，为会员服务，维护会员的合法权益。 Text 2 The contempt of artists for critics is,of course,understandable.To create an artwork is to give the world a kind of gift,and no one likes having a gifi rejected,or even inspected too carefully.In a sense,artists who condemn criticism are relying on the old idea that"it"s the thought that counts":Because the intention of the giver is generous and pure,any criticizing about the gift is cruelly small-minded.Yet as anyone who has received an ill-fitting or unsuitable gift knows,the thought is not the only thing that counts.Once a work of art emerges from its creator"s study or studio,it becomes the possession of anyone who interacts with it,and therefore it is open to judgment:Do I actually derive pleasure and enlightenment from it?There is no way to evade this question,which is the foundation of all criticism.Every reader or viewer or listener asks it,whether they want to or not.A critic is just a reader or viewer or listener who makes the question explicit and tries to answer it publicly,for the benefit of other potential readers or viewers or listeners.No one gets to be president without wanting to write his or her name in large letters on the American psyche,but most presidents at least gesture in the direction of humility and public service.President Trump,however,has never been anything but straightforward about his egotism.He made his reputation in real estate by splashing his name in gold on almost every structure he built;now he hangs a map of his electoral victory on the White House wall.When the terms of his achievement are so personal,how could criticism fail to strike him as an egoistic injury?There is a danger when we see criticism as nothing but an expression of resentment.For in politics,as in art,the right to criticize is really the right to make an independent judgment of reality.Democracy relies on a citizenry informed and active enough to make such judgments;in a democracy,we are all critics.How to live with criticism is perhaps the hardest lesson that a liberal democracy teaches its citizens.No one really welcomes it,neither the left nor the right."If we are free to loathe Trump,xve are free to loathe his most loyal voters,"wrote Frank Rich in New York magazine in March.But as soon as our critics become our enemies-voices to be silenced and dismissed,rather than listened to-we have left the realm of politics behind 27.Art criticism is generally based on 下列各项中，应按照“交通运输服务”计缴增值税的有（ ）。 To finance the program they had to turn to the public（ ）the funds they needed.for 对于持有固定收益资产的投资者来说，理论上（ ）。 My husband sympathized（ ）my proposal to move to a new apartment.with 中国居民李某，在境外工作，只就来源于中国境外的所得征收个人所得税（） 大豆经销商在大连商品交易所做卖出套期保值，在大豆期货合约上建仓10手，当时的基差为-30元／吨，若该经销商在套期保值中出现净亏损2000元，则其平仓时的基差应变为（ ）元／吨。(合约规模10吨／手，不计手续费等费用)